‘Safe, regulated, environmentally friendly’

Three maritime companies have acquired bunkering licences since 2016.

Between them, they operate the main storage vessel and up to seven smaller bunker barges, according to Kosta Argyros, the South Africa representative for one of the three, Minerva Bunkering.

Sat on a key trade route, sea traffic has increased as a result of the fuelling hub, conservationists said.

Argyros stressed that bunkering was a “safe operation” in a “very regulated industry”.

When “two vessels are tied together they become like one entity,” he told AFP.

“This is environmentally friendly no matter what the people say.”

South African Marine Fuels, which was behind the July 2019 spill, said it “occurred due to an overflowing tank of the receiving vessel” and that between 200 and 400 litres (53 and 106 gallons) of oil fell into the sea.

The company “is highly committed to the safety of its operations and responsibility to people and the environment,” it said in a statement to AFP.

Heron Marine, the third licensed company, said it operated according to all health, safety and environmental regulations.

Sludge-covered penguins

About 100 oiled penguins were recovered from last year’s spill.

Seabird scientist Lorien Pichegru said that, while damage from the incident had been limited, bunkering posed yet another threat to a species whose global population fell below 40,000 last year.

“The oil on their feathers takes away their waterproofness,” said the Nelson Mandela University researcher, who has been studying African penguins in Algoa Bay since 2007.

Eventually they die of “starvation and cold”, plus oiled adults tend to abandon their eggs and chicks, she added.

In attempting to clean themselves, the birds also ingest toxins shown to damage their internal organs and breeding capacity.

African penguins, distinct by their bray-like call and black horseshoe marking across their chest, only breed in South Africa and Namibia but are found in Mozambique too.

Over three decades, their numbers have fallen by more than 60 percent due to climate change, oil spills, human activity, overfishing and habitat destruction, experts say.

In Algoa Bay, the population has also fallen sharply—from 10,900 breeding pairs in 2015, to 6,100 in 2019, according to figures from South Africa’s Environmental Affairs department.

“Any additional threat to them might kill the entire species,” Pichegru warned.

Bad vibrations?

Parts of Algoa Bay last year were declared a Marine Protected Area.

The 2019 university report on the Eastern Cape coastline, centred around the bay, also highlighted that it was a foraging area for seabirds, sharks, cetaceans and turtles, on the migration route for loggerhead and leatherback turtles and home to the world’s largest Cape gannet colony.

However, scientists and conservationists say they have observed changes in animal behaviour which they suspect are a consequence of bunkering activity—even without spillage.

“We think the noise of the engines disrupts the penguins’ and dolphins’ ability to find fish,” said Gary Koekemoer, who heads the Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa in Algoa Bay.

“Any animal that is using sonar or sound to locate its prey will have difficulty navigating with the vibration from the engines.”

Jobs at stake

The loss of marine life could be devastating for tourism.

Ocean safaris have boomed in recent years, with visitors contributing more than nine billion rand ($507 million) to the surrounding Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB) municipality in 2018.

Tourism generates some 40,000 direct and indirect jobs in the area, according to municipal figures.

“Beaches and wildlife are the two big drawcards for visitors and... offshore bunkering is bound to impact both of those,” Shaun Fitzhenry, NMB Tourism board chairman, said.

The South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA), which licensed the bunkering operators, said STS refuelling generated employment but had to be balanced with environmental concerns.

“We need to sustain the protected area, but we need to use the opportunity to develop the economy,” SAMSA acting chief executive Sobantu Tilayi told AFP.

“That is the balance we keep navigating around.”

Since the 2019 spill, bunkering times have been limited, barges carry more oil containment booms and several response boats are on constant standby in case another leak occurs.

Kevin Kelly, owner of oil spill response company Xtreme Projects, agreed that bunkering had created “a lot” of jobs and a budding ship chandler industry.

But, out at sea, skipper Jake Keeton frowns, concerned at the sight of an unusually small cluster of penguins nesting on the outcrops of a rocky island.

“Penguins push fish together into a bait ball that allows everything else to feed,” he said.

“So if we lose the penguins here, dolphins, seals, gannets, cormorants and all your other seabirds will struggle.”