Women gaining ground in European Parliament

The number of women members of the European Parliament has doubled since direct elections were first held in 1979 but they still remain the minority, particularly in the top jobs.

Here is an overview.

Around a third
Women made up just 16 percent of the 1979 parliament; in today's outgoing assembly, they represent around 36 percent of the 751 MEPs.

This is on average higher than in the national parliaments of the European Union's 28 member nations where female representation in 2018 was on the whole just under 28 percent, according to the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS).

On a worldwide scale, women occupy an average of 24 percent of parliamentary seats, according to the global Inter-Parliamentary Union of national parliaments.

Country matters
The largest representations of women in national European Parliament delegations are from Finland (77 percent), Ireland (54.5 percent) and Croatia (54.5 percent).

Malta and Sweden each have equal numbers of men and women, while Spain is not far off at 48 female.

At the other end of the scale, in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania and Romania the portion of women Euro-MPs is less than 20 percent.

For the upcoming elections, 11 EU states will impose, to varying degrees, gender quotas in their electoral lists. This includes Italy, Greece and Luxembourg for the first time.

For the 2014 elections, two countries among those with gender quotas had demanded full parity, even though the obligation was not met: France, which ended up with 43.2 percent of women MEPs, and Belgium with 33.3 percent.

Gender quotas met voluntarily by political parties can be more successful in boosting the representation of women than the "fast track" of legally binding legislative quotas, the EPRS notes.

As an example, it points to the cases of Sweden and Denmark, which have large percentages of women in their national parliaments.

Two presidents
The European Parliament has had only two women presidents, out of 18, since 1979, and few women occupy the assembly's senior positions.

The very first president was a woman, French Holocaust survivor and women's rights icon Simone Veil, who held the role from 1979 to 1982.

Another Frenchwoman, centre-right former lawyer Nicole Fontaine, was president from 1999 to 2002.

In the outgoing parliament, female MEPs occupy a third of the seats in the executive and women head two of the 11 political groups.

Less than a third of the parliament's international delegations were headed by female Euro-MPs in January 2018.

By contrast, women represent nearly 60 percent of the parliament's administrative staff.

Better than other EU bodies
The European Parliament nonetheless has greater female representation than the EU's executive Commission, the European Central Bank and the Council of Ministers -- none of which have ever had a woman as president.

In 2014 a group of Euro-MPs threatened to reject the composition of the proposed Commission because it had only four women among 28 members.

Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, who has complained that member states do not present enough female candidates, eventually gathered nine to join the body.